In the late 1980s, some CIT researchers also successfully implemented pupil size in the CIT, while other ocular measures remained largely ignored until recently (i.e., Janisse & Bradley, 1980 Lancry-Dayan et al., 2018 Leal & Vrij, 2010 Lubow & Fein, 1996 Millen et al., 2017 Peth et al., 2013, 2016 Schwedes & Wentura, 2012, 2016).Īlthough eye-movement-based CIT research is on the rise, most CIT studies and ensuing theories surround the ANS-based measures. The earliest CIT studies relied on physiological responses induced by the autonomic nervous system (ANS), namely, increased skin conductance responses (SCRs), reduced respiration, and slowed heart rate (HR e.g., Cutrow et al., 1972 Geldreich, 1941, 1942 Lykken, 1959, 1960). Namely, solely knowledgeable individuals will recognize the critical items, as manifested by a differential response pattern-that is, the CIT effect. The strength of the CIT lies in its experimental control. This test uses a multiple-choice format in which every question is followed by a serial presentation of one critical and various control items (e.g., In the case of Ted Bundy: What object was used to strike the victims' heads? Baseball bat? Hammer? Crowbar? Stone? Shovel?). Fortunately, there is a scientific method to help uncover concealed information, the so-called Concealed Information Test (CIT Lykken, 1959 Meijer et al., 2014 Verschuere et al., 2011). Information concealment may have far-reaching and, sometimes, even fatal consequences for example, when Ted Bundy concealed his gruesome and terrifying crimes. This knowledge strengthens CIT theory and illuminates the relationship between ocular and autonomic activity. Pupil size appears to be linked to the orienting of attention (akin to skin conductance changes), while fixations and blinks rather seem to reflect arousal inhibition (comparable to heart rate changes). Thus, different cognitive mechanisms seem to drive ocular responses. These results were mirrored in autonomic changes, with skin conductance increasing in both conditions while heart rate decreased solely under motivation to conceal. While pupil size increased in both motivational conditions, the fixation and blink CIT effects were confined to the conceal condition. However, which cognitive mechanisms drive these changes? Do orienting or inhibition-two processes previously associated with autonomic changes-play a role? To answer this question, we used a Concealed Information Test (CIT) in which participants were either motivated to conceal (orienting + inhibition) or reveal (orienting only) their knowledge. When trying to conceal one's knowledge, various ocular changes occur.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |